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3. Epistemic Claim Badges
[✓] OBSERVED direct measurement • [~] ASSOCIATION statistical correlation • [⚡] CAUSAL tested mechanism • [⚙] MODELLED projection. Click any [CLM-001] link to jump to its exact page/table in the Evidence tab.
Full Citation: Naha, D., Dash, S. K., Chettri, A., Roy, A., & Sathyakumar, S. (2020). Elephants in the neighborhood: patterns of crop-raiding by Asian elephants within a fragmented landscape of Eastern India. PeerJ, 8, e9399. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9399
DOI:10.7717/peerj.9399
License: CC BY 4.0 | Work ID: WORK-IND-2020-09399
Public Government & Statutory Research Portals
Project Elephant (MoEFCC) — Government of India nodal program for elephant habitat corridors and human-elephant conflict mitigation.
Standardized scientific terminology triads mapped to official pedagogy and technical terminology specifically tailored for "Elephants in the Neighborhood: Patterns of Crop-Raiding by Asian Elephants within a Fragmented Landscape of Eastern India" (2020).
Each claim is an atomic source-grounded assertion with its recorded locator.
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-001 • observed in study
"Majority of the crops raided were paddy (65%), maize (11%) and rest 25% comprised of seasonal vegetables, potatoes, cabbage, lentils, cauliflower, spinach, banana, jackfruit."
Source Anchor: Section: Results - Demography of crop-raiding elephants, p. 9
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-002 • observed in study
"The mean group size was 23 SE 14.1 (range 2–150). Fifty-seven percent of the crop-raiding events involved mixed groups whereas 43% of the incidents involved lone bulls."
Source Anchor: Section: Results - Demography of crop-raiding elephants, p. 9
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-003 • observed in study
"The average distance of a crop field raided by elephants was estimated to be 1.6 km (SE 1.5) (range 0–18.5 km) from the nearest forest patch... Thirty-five percent of the villages were located within 500 m of a forest patch whereas overall 63% of the incidents occurred within 1.5 km."
Source Anchor: Section: Results - Distance of crop depredation sites, p. 10
[↗] [MODELLED]
CLM-004 • modelled result
"Area of riverine patches which indicates availability of water within a grid was identified as the most important predictor of crop depredation... Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) value was estimated to be 0.89."
Source Anchor: Section: Results - Influence of landscape variables, p. 11
[≈] [ASSOCIATION]
CLM-005 • estimated association
"The most interesting finding of our study was that elephants raided villages where alcohol production (haaria-rice beer) was prevalent... the fermented stock emits a strong pungent smell which attracts elephants."
Source Anchor: Section: Discussion, p. 12-13
[i] [CONTEXT]
CLM-006 • editorial context
"To avoid exaggeration of losses we didn’t record data on the extent of crop damage."
Source Anchor: Section: Methods - Data collection, p. 7
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-007 • observed in study
"Results suggest seasonal variation in crop raids with eighty-eight percent of the incidents recorded in the monsoon and post monsoon seasons i.e., between July–February."
Source Anchor: Section: Results - Seasonality, p. 12
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-008 • observed in study
"Elephants spent an average of 308 min i.e., 5 h (SE 167 min) during crop-raiding range (15 min to 15 h)."
Source Anchor: Section: Results - Time spent in crop-raiding, p. 9
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-009 • observed in study
"During crop-raiding, 61% of the people in the neighborhood were busy guarding agricultural fields, 30% were sleeping, and remaining were engaged in other activities."
Source Anchor: Section: Results - Human behavior, p. 9
[↗] [MODELLED]
CLM-010 • modelled result
"The z value (13.148), Moran’s Index (0.174) and (p value < 0.01) indicate that there was less than 1 percent likelihood that this pattern was due to random chance. The threshold distance was estimated to be 2,236.42 m."
Source Anchor: Section: Results - Spatial clustering, p. 10
"Though there are numerous tea plantations in this region, they don’t provide forage and only act as temporary refuge for elephants... landscape has been severely fragmented with the construction of dams, linear infrastructure, human settlements."
Source Anchor: Section: Discussion, p. 14
[i] [CONTEXT]
CLM-012 • editorial context
"Fences can be covered with chili-oil soaked rags... unpalatable yet economically beneficial crops such as ginger, garlic, chillies, lemongrass should be grown in fields regularly visited by elephants... breweries should be relocated."
Source Anchor: Section: Discussion - Mitigation recommendations, p. 13-15