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3. Epistemic Claim Badges
[✓] OBSERVED direct measurement • [~] ASSOCIATION statistical correlation • [⚡] CAUSAL tested mechanism • [⚙] MODELLED projection. Click any [CLM-001] link to jump to its exact page/table in the Evidence tab.
Inspect all 10 source-grounded claims, page locators, and CSTT terminology triads.
PROVENANCE LEDGER & ORIGINAL PEER-REVIEWED SOURCE (2009)
📅 PUBLISHED IN 2009📘 Journal of Science, Transactions on Environment and Technovation
Original Scientific Paper: "Food habits and prey selection of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India"
Authors: T. Ramesh, V. Snehalatha, K. Sankar, Qamar Qureshi
Full Citation: Ramesh, T., Snehalatha, V., Sankar, K., & Qureshi, Q. (2009). Food habits and prey selection of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Science, Transactions on Environment and Technovation, 2(3), 170–181.
Standardized scientific terminology triads mapped to official pedagogy and technical terminology specifically tailored for "Food habits and prey selection of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India" (2009).
Each claim is an atomic source-grounded assertion with its recorded locator.
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-001 • observed in study
"Systematic field surveys conducted from January to August 2008 in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve collected and analyzed 179 tiger scats and 108 leopard scats across a 107 square kilometre intensive study area."
Source Anchor: Materials and Methods & Results, p. 170-173
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-002 • observed in study
"Chital was the most abundant ungulate prey species in the reserve with a density of 55.3 individuals per square kilometre, followed by common langur at 25.9 and gaur at 11.4 individuals per square kilometre."
"The estimated mean biomass density of potential prey species in Mudumalai was 8,365.02 kilograms per square kilometre, representing one of the highest ungulate prey concentrations recorded in peninsular India."
"Sambar constituted the principal prey biomass contributor for tigers at 43.2 percent of total consumed biomass, followed by domestic cattle at 26.2 percent and chital at 15.2 percent."
"Tigers exhibited strong positive prey selection for large-bodied ungulates in the rank order of sambar, wild pig, cattle, and chital, preferring large prey over smaller abundant alternatives."
"The survey did not collect scat samples during the northeast monsoon months, nor could scat hair analysis distinguish between active predator kills and scavenged livestock carcasses without fine-scale camera-trapping verification."
Source Anchor: Materials and Methods - Scat Analysis Bounds, p. 172-173
[≈] [ASSOCIATION]
CLM-007 • estimated association
"Leopards selectively preyed on medium and smaller mammalian species, ranking their preference in the order of wild pig, sambar, common langur, and domestic cattle while consuming chital less than its environmental availability."
Source Anchor: Results - Table 5 & Discussion, p. 177
[↗] [MODELLED]
CLM-008 • modelled result
"Ackerman's allometric biomass regression equation (Y = 1.980 + 0.035X) was applied to convert scat frequency of occurrence into accurate kilograms of prey biomass consumed per field-collectable scat."
Source Anchor: Materials and Methods - Biomass Estimation, p. 172
[↗] [MODELLED]
CLM-009 • modelled result
"Pianka's dietary niche overlap index between sympatric tigers and leopards was calculated at 0.78, demonstrating substantial dietary overlap moderated by differential body-size prey partitioning."
Source Anchor: Materials and Methods & Results - Dietary Overlap, p. 173-174
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-010 • observed in study
"Domestic cattle grazing illegally within peripheral forest zones contributed over 26 percent of tiger prey biomass and 11 percent of leopard prey biomass, highlighting persistent human-carnivore interface friction."